Thursday, February 10, 2011

IGNOU B.A EHI-01,02.BSHF Solved Assignements 2010 And Assignments-2011

IGNOU B.A EHI-01 Solved Assignements 2010

Note: All questions are compulsory. Marks are indicated against each question. 
Section 1: Answer each question in about 500 words each.

1.   Discuss the various stages of colonialism in India. What was its impact on Indian economy?                                                                                                           20

Solution: Various stages of Indian Colonialism

Western explorer Vasco - d - Gama discovered a new sea route to South India from Europe.

Portugals made a note of India and stated coming to India on business and religious expansion purposes.

Britishers amon others wanted to increase business with India. East India company of U.K. (Great Britain) stated major business ventures with India and within India. To protect their business they brought British troops to India.

East India company got involved in local politics and fights of small Indian kingdoms of the Indian subcontinent. They started political aggressions and take-overs.

East India company of U.K. was taken over by the British government due to their lack of accountability despite full liberty they enjoyed in Indian operations.

Britishers started from taking over Calcutta and west bengal to South India and Tipu sultan. Over a period of time many powerful Independent kinddoms fell under the British rule inspite of their brave struggles. One of the last to fall were the Marathas.

India became a colonial subject country of the British crown with most of the India under the rule of the Viceroy and the british administration nominated and controlled by the

British government and the British crown. Only a very small fraction remained under portugal authority. French and potuguese were defeated and their colonies taken over by britishers.

However a handful of portuguese colonies (very small fraction of India) remained in portuguese hand till even after the Indian Independence.

The first armed struggle for independence of India in the year 1957 which the british historians call the great mutiny of 1957 was fought by many powerful Indian kingdoms who were colonialized by the foreigners and some Indian troops who revolted against their british rulers.

British handled the year 1957's freedom struggle with a very heavy hand and were able to subdue the freedom fighters.

Political invasions of the british also proved to be an economical aggression where the Indian wealth started going over to the britishers during the Industrial revolution and other times.

Britishers brought trains, telegraphs etc. to India for their convenience of ruling India. But Indian economy was in shambles and U.K. getting better and better in wealth and economy through the economic victimization of Indians and India.

Britishers had to leave India in 1947 in response to the Indian struggles for independence. India became independent in 1947. In 1950 India became a democratic independent republic. Since 1950 India is ruled by the democratic government of the Indians that is elected democratically by the Indian citizens.

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2.  Write a note on the different stages of the Civil Disobedience Movement.    20
Solution:  The Civil Disobedience Movement led by M K Gandhi, in the year 1930 was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism. There are three distinct phases that mark the development of Indian Nationalism. In the first phase, the ideology of the moderates dominated the political scenario. This was followed by the prominence of the extremist ideologies. In the third phase of Indian Nationalism the most significant incident was the rise of MK Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, to power as the leader of Indian National Movements. Under his spirited guidance, the National Movements of the country took shape.
The Indians learnt how apparently philosophical tenets like non violence and passive resistance, could be used to wage political battles. The programs and policies adopted in the movements spearheaded by Gandhi reflected his political ideologies of ahimsa and satyagraha. While the Non-Co-Operation Movement was built on the lines of non violent non co operation, the essence of The Civil Disobedience Movement was defying of the British laws. Through his leadership to the National Movements, he not only buttressed his political stance but also played a crucial role in unification of the country, awakening of the masses, and bringing politics within the arena of the common man.
Factors Leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement
The prevalent political and social circumstances played a vital role in the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Simon Commission was formed by the British Government that included solely the members of the British Parliament, in November 1927, to draft and formalize a constitution for India. The chairmanship of the commission rested with Sir John Simon, who was a well known lawyer and an English statesman. Accused of being an 'All-White Commission', the Simon Commission was rejected by all political and social segments of the country. In Bengal, the opposition to the Simon Commission assumed a massive scale, with a hartal being observed in all corners of the province on February 3rd, 1928. On the occasion of Simon's arrival in the city, demonstrations were conducted in Calcutta. In the wake of the boycott of the recommendations proposed by Simon Commission, an All-Party Conference was organized in Bombay in May of 1928. Dr MA Ansari was the president of the conference. Motilal Nehru was given the responsibility to preside over the drafting committee, appointed at the conference to prepare a constitution for India.
Barring the Indian Muslims, The Nehru Report was endorsed by all segments of the Indian society. The Indian National Congress pressurized the British government to accept all the parts the Nehru Report, in December 1928. At the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress held in December, 1928, the British government was warned that if India was not granted the status of a dominion, a Civil Disobedience Movement would be initiated in the entire country. Lord Irwin, the Governor General, after a few months, declared that the final objective of the constitutional reforms was to grant the status of a dominion to India. Following this declaration, Gandhi along with other national leaders requested the Governor General to adopt a more liberal attitude in solving the constitutional crisis. A demand was made for the release of the political prisoners and for holding the suggested Round Table Conference for reflecting on the problems regarding the constitution of the country.
None of the efforts made by the Congress received any favorable response from the British government. The patience of the Indian masses were wearing out. The political intelligentsia of the country was sure that the technique of persuasion would not be effective with the British government. The Congress had no other recourse but to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. In Bardoli, the peasants had already taken to satyagraha under the guidance of Sardar Patel in the year 1928. Their non tax agitations were partially successful. The Congress took the decision to use the non violent weapon of satyagraha on a nation wide scale against the government.
The Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement
MK Gandhi was urged by the Congress to render his much needed leadership to the Civil Disobedience Movement. On the historic day of 12th March 1930, Gandhi inaugurated The Civil Disobedience Movement by conducting the historic Dandi Salt March, where he broke the Salt Laws imposed by the British Government. Followed by an entourage of seventy nine ashramites, Gandhi embarked on his march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi that is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea. On 6th April 1930, Gandhi with the accompaniment of seventy nine satyagrahis, violated the Salt Law by picking up a fistful of salt lying on the sea shore. They manually made salt on the shores of Dandi.
Dandi Salt March had an immense impact on the entire nation. Each and every corner of the country was gripped in a unique fervor of nationalism. Soon this act of violation of the Salt Laws assumed an all India character. The entire nation amalgamated under the call of a single man, Mahatma Gandhi. There were reports of satyagrahas and instances of law violation from Bombay, Central and United Provinces, Bengal and Gujarat. The program of the Civil Disobedience Movement incorporated besides the breaking of the Salt Laws, picketing of shops selling foreign goods and liquor, bonfire of cloth, refusal to pay taxes and avoidance of offices by the public officers and schools by the students. Even the women joined forces against the British. Those from orthodox families did not hesitate to respond to the call of the Mahatma. They took active part in the picketing exercises. Perturbed by the growing popularity of the movement, the British government imprisoned Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, in a bid to thwart it. Thus, the second struggle for attaining Swaraj launched by the Congress, under the able guidance of Mahatma, served the critical function of mobilizing the masses on a large scale against the British.
In the March of 1930, Gandhi met with the Viceroy, Lord Irwin and signed an agreement known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The two main clauses of the pact entailed; Congress participation in the Round Table Conference and cessation of The Civil Disobedience Movement. The Government of India released all satyagrahis from prison.
Renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement
Gandhi attended The Second Round Table Conference in London accompanied by Smt. Sarojini Naidu. At this Conference, it was claimed by Mahatma Gandhi that the Congress represented more than eighty five percent of the Indian population. Gandhi's claim was not endorsed by the British and also the Muslim representative. The Second Round Table Conference proved to be futile for the Indians and Gandhi returned to the country without any positive result. The political scene in India thereafter assumed an acute dimension. The Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, in the absence of Gandhi, adopted the policy of repression. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was violated and the Viceroy took to the suppression of the Congress. The Conservative party, which was in power in England, complied with the decision to assume a repressive stance against the Congress and the Indians. The Congress was held responsible by the government to have instigated the 'Red Shirts' to participate in The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar and provoking the cultivators of U.P to refuse to pay land revenue. Adding to this was the serious economic crisis that took hold of the country. Under such circumstances, the resumption of The Civil Disobedience Movement was inevitable.
The Congress Working Committee took the decision to restart The Civil Disobedience Movement, as the British government was not prepared to relent. Gandhi resumed the movement in January 1932 and appealed to the entire nation to join in. The Viceroy was also informed of the stance assumed by the Congress. Four ordinances were promulgated by the government to deal with the situation. The police was given the power to arrest any person, even on the basis of mere suspicion. Sardar Patel, the President of Congress and Gandhi were arrested, along with other Congressmen. The second phase of The Civil Disobedience Movement lacked the organization that marked its first phase. Nonetheless the entire nation put up a tough fight and the movement continued for six months. Gandhi commenced his twenty one days of fast on May 8th, 1933, to make amends for the sins committed against the untouchables by the caste Hindus. The Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended, when Mahatma Gandi withdrew mass satyagraha on July 14th 1933. The movement ceased completely on April 7th 1934.
Although The Civil Disobedience Movement failed to achieve any positive outcome, it was an important juncture in the history of Indian independence. The leadership of Mahatma Gandhi had a beneficial impact. The warring factions within the Congress united under the aegis of The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi. Satyagraha was put on a firm footing through its large scale usage in the movement. Last but not the least India rediscovered its inherent strength and confidence to crusade against the British for its freedom.

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Section 2: Answer in about 250 words each.

3.   Write a note on the Khilafat movement.
Solution: Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant Islamic movement in India during the British rule. This was an attempt by the Indian Muslim community to unite together in support of the Turkish Empire ruled by the Khalifa, which was attacked by European powers. The Muslims considered the Khalifa as the custodian of Islam. They simply could not digest his dethronement. Under the leadership of prominent Muslim leaders, notable one being Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, they launched the Khilafat Movement in most parts of North India.
The Khilafat Movement, aimed against the British government, received the support of Mahatma Gandhi, who related his Non Cooperation Movement with it. The main objective behind this move was to enlist the support of the Muslim community into his movement, which addressed the issue of ‘Swaraj’ (Self-Government). By mid-1920 the Khilafat leaders assured full support to the non-violent methods of Gandhi, which facilitated the establishment of a united front of Hindus and Muslims against the British government. This combined force formed a major threat to the British rule.
The Khilafat Movement however did not last long. Owing to some violent incidents in the country which resulted in the deaths of many Indian and British people, Mahatma Gandhi called off his Non Cooperation Movement. This was a major jolt to the Khilafat Movement. The movement received its final blow in March 1924, when the original Khilafat movement in Turkey was abolished following the Islamic country’s conversion from a Sultanate empire to a Republic.

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4.  Write a note on the Indian National Army (INA)                                                       12        
Solution: The Indian National Army, I.N.A or Azad Hind Fauj was the army of Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India). It was an armed force which was formed during World War II by Indian nationalists and prisoners of war. It progressed with the aim to overthrow the British Raj and win independence. The INA was initially formed under Mohan Singh, the captain in the 1/14th Punjab Regiment in the British Army. However, the first INA under Mohan Singh collapsed and finally it was revived under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose. Indian National Army emerged along with Mahatma Gandhi`s peaceful resistance movement within India. In contrast to Mahatma Gandhi, Bose advocated a more aggressive confrontation with the British authorities.
The concept of an armed force fighting to overthrow the British Raj in colonial India with Japanese assistance originated within the Indian independence movement. INA was formed during the first world war when the Ghadar Party and the nascent rudiment of the Indian Independence League planned to rebel in the British Indian Army from the Punjab through Bengal to Hong Kong. But this plan ultimately failed after the information was leaked to British Intelligence. During the Second World War, the plan to fight the British found revival and number of leaders and movements were initiated. These included "liberation armies" formed in and with the help of Italy, Germany as well as in South-east Asia. Thus in South East Asia the concept of the Indian National Army emerged. It was supported by the Japanese 15th army and led by Subhash Chandra Bose.
Indian National Army had many valued freedom fighters, who helped in the battles. They all had a brilliant background and fought for a similar cause, freedom of India. The INA freedom fighters were from every sphere ranging from barristers to plantation workers.. The revival of the Indian National Army was done by Subhas Chandra Bose. In 1943 he reached Singapore and assumed leadership of INA. Thus with his motivation and determination INA doubled in strength and local civilians joined. Most of the people who joined had no prior military experience and thus to ensure a well-trained army, Bose established an Officers Training School for INA officers and the Azad School for the civilian volunteers Many youth were also sent to Imperial Military Academy in Japan for advanced training. Every soldier were required to spend about six to eight hours of training daily. The training included physical training, army drill and handling arms such as rifles, pistols, hand grenades and bayonets. The soldiers also attended lectures of Indian and world history and military subjects like map reading as well as signaling.

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5.  Write a note on the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.                                                  12
Solution: The concept of Swadeshi as explained by Gandhi, is employment of unemployed or semi-employed people by encouraging village industries and the in general trial was towards building a non-violent society. Strategies of the swadeshi movement therefore involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic products and production. The popular upsurge of 1905 was unprecedented. But of course it did not emerge from nowhere. The writings and speeches of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and his associate had done much to prepare the way. Tilak reached out to the masses through popular festivals. He transformed the traditional Ganapati Utsav into a public celebration where patriotic ideas could be spread. Later he inaugurated a Shivaji festival for the same purpose. In 1906 Bengal honored the great Maratha as a national hero.
The swadeshi movement quickly gathered force. Bonfires of British cloth demonstrated the peoples` determination not to rely on foreign products. The sale of English goods fell dramatically as Bombay mills worked overtime to meet the demand for swadeshi textiles. It became a matter of pride to wear coarse dhotis woven on local handlooms rather than fashionable Manchester cottons. Student volunteers encouraged people to use Indian products. Popular enthusiasm was sustained by songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and others. Bankim chandra chatterjee`s `vande mataram` became a national anthem, and opening words a sort of battle cry.
The swadeshi movement gave tremendous inputs to Indian industry. Beginnings were made in the manufacturer of swadeshi salt, sugar matches and other products. On a larger scale, the movement gave a stimulus to Prafullachandra Rays`s bengal chemical works. This action encouraged Jamshedji Tata of Bombay to open his famous steel plant in Bihar. At the same time, Indian labor took its first real steps towards organization. A series of strikes in Calcutta and other places demonstrated that the workingman was growing weary of exploitation

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6.  Describe the various types of land settlements in colonial India.                    12                                          
     OR
What is communalism? Discuss the process of its emergence in Indian society.

Solution: Communism," for its part, once referred to a cooperative society that would be based morally on mutual respect and on an economy in which each contributed to the social labor fund according to his or her ability and received the means of life according to his or her needs. Today, "communism" is associated with the Stalinist gulag and wholly rejected as totalitarian. Its cousin, "socialism" -- which once denoted a politically free society based on various forms of collectivism and equitable material returns for labor -- is currently interchangeable with a somewhat humanistic bourgeois liberalism.
During the 1980s and 1990s, as the entire social and political spectrum has shifted ideologically to the right, "anarchism" itself has not been immune to redefinition. In the Anglo-American sphere, anarchism is being divested of its social ideal by an emphasis on personal autonomy, an emphasis that is draining it of its historic vitality. A Stirnerite individualism -- marked by an advocacy of lifestyle changes, the cultivation of behavioral idiosyncrasies and even an embrace of outright mysticism -- has become increasingly prominent. This personalistic "lifestyle anarchism" is steadily eroding the socialistic core of anarchist concepts of freedom.
Let me stress that in the British and American social tradition, autonomy and freedom are not equivalent terms. By insisting the need to eliminate personal domination, autonomy focuses on the individual as the formative component and locus of society. By contrast, freedom, despite its looser usages, denotes the absence of domination in society, of which the individual is part. This contrast becomes very important when individualist anarchists equate collectivism as such with the tyranny of the community over its members
Today, if an anarchist theorist like L. Susan Brown can assert that "a group is a collection of individuals, no more and no less," rooting anarchism in the abstract individual, we have reason to be concerned. Not that this view is entirely new to anarchism; various anarchist historians have described it as implicit in the libertarian outlook. Thus the individual appears ab novo, endowed with natural rights and bereft of roots in society or historical development.1
But whence does this "autonomous" individual derive? What is the basis for its "natural rights," beyond a priori premises and hazy intuitions? What role does historical development play in its formation? What social premises give birth to it, sustain it, indeed nourish it? How can a "collection of individuals" institutionalize itself such as to give rise to something more than an autonomy that consists merely in refusing to impair the "liberties" of others -- or "negative liberty," as Isaiah Berlin called it in contradistinction to "positive liberty," which is substantive freedom, in our case constructed along socialistic lines?
In the history of ideas, "autonomy," referring to strictly personal "self-rule," found its ancient apogee in the imperial Roman cult of libertas. During the rule of the Julian-Claudian Caesars, the Roman citizen enjoyed a great deal of autonomy to indulge his own desires -- and lusts -- without reproval from any authority, provided that he did not interfere with the business and the needs of the state. In the more theoretically developed liberal tradition of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, autonomy acquired a more expansive sense that was opposed ideologically to excessive state authority. During the nineteenth century, if there was any single subject that gained the interest of classical liberals, it was political economy, which they often conceived not only as the study of goods and services, but also as a system of morality. Indeed, liberal thought generally reduced the social to the economic. Excessive state authority was opposed in favor of a presumed economic autonomy. Ironically, liberals often invoked the word freedom, in the sense of "autonomy," as they do to the present day.2
Despite their assertions of autonomy and distrust of state authority, however, these classical liberal thinkers did not in the last instance hold to the notion that the individual is completely free from lawful guidance. Indeed, their interpretation of autonomy actually presupposed quite definite arrangements beyond the individual -- notably, the laws of the marketplace. Individual autonomy to the contrary, these laws constitute a social organizing system in which all "collections of individuals" are held under the sway of the famous "invisible hand" of competition. Paradoxically, the laws of the marketplace override the exercise of "free will" by the same sovereign individuals who otherwise constitute the "collection of individuals."
No rationally formed society can exist without institutions and if a society as a "collection of individuals, no more and no less" were ever to emerge, it would simply dissolve. Such a dissolution, to be sure, would never happen in reality. The liberals, nonetheless, can cling to the notion of a "free market" and "free competition" guided by the "inexorable laws" of political economy.
Alternatively, freedom, a word that shares etymological roots with the German Freiheit (for which there is no equivalent in Romance languages), takes its point of departure not from the individual but from the community or, more broadly, from society. In the last century and early in the present one, as the great socialist theorists further sophisticated ideas of freedom, the individual and his or her development were consciously intertwined with social evolution -- specifically, the institutions that distinguish society from mere animal aggregations.
What made their focus uniquely ethical was the fact that as social revolutionaries they asked the key question -- What constitutes a rational society? -- a question that abolishes the centrality of economics in a free society. Where liberal thought generally reduced the social to the economic, various socialisms (apart from Marxism), among which Kropotkin denoted anarchism the "left wing," dissolved the economic into the social.3
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as Enlightenment thought and its derivatives brought the idea of the mutability of institutions to the foreground of social thought, the individual, too, came to be seen as mutable. To the socialistic thinkers of the period, a "collection" was a totally alien way of denoting society; they properly considered individual freedom to be congruent with social freedom and, very significantly, they defined freedom as such as an evolving, as well as a unifying, concept.
In short, both society and the individual were historicized in the best sense of this term: as an ever-developing, self-generative and creative process in which each existed within and through the other. Hopefully, this historicization would be accompanied by ever-expanding new rights and duties. The slogan of the First International, in fact, was the demand, "No rights without duties, no duties without rights" -- a demand that later appeared on the mastheads of anarchosyndicalist periodicals in Spain and elsewhere well into the present century.
Thus, for classical socialist thinkers, to conceive of the individual without society was as meaningless as to conceive of society without individuals. They sought to realize both in rational institutional frameworks that fostered the greatest degree of free expression in every aspect of social life.

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Section 3: Answer in about 100 words each.

7.      Write short notes on any two of the following:                                                         6+6
a)      Swaraj Party

Solution:Gandhiji was released from jail in 1924. He and his close followers, such as C. Rajagopalachari and Rajendra prasad, occupied themselves with the constructive programme. Such as hand-spinning on the charkha, uplift of the harijans or members of the depressed classed popularization of temperance, and so forth. But not all the congressmen were willing to abandon political action. In 1922 a group had formed around Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das that wished to enter the government`s legislative councils and wreck them front within. They were opposed by the `no-changers` who insisted that the 1920 programme, which called for the boycott of council elections, should not be altered. At the Gaya congress in December 1922, matters came to a head. The `no-changers` prevailed, but early the next year the `pro-changers` formed their own party. This party was at first known as the congress-Khilafat Swaraj party and later simply the swarajya or swaraj party.

Motilal Nehru The new councils were inaugurated in 1921. The non-congress parties which had entered them had not been successful in influencing government policy. And eventually diarchy proved to be a failure. Provincial minister could not act effectively even in `transferred` subjects because the new safeguards made the governors more autocratic even than before. Only the Montford reform showed that the British were still unwilling to grant responsible government.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru decided that the way to combat this situation was to enter the provincial legislative councils. Central legislative assembly carries out a policy of `uniform, continuous and consistent obstruction, with a view to make government through the assembly and councils impossible would force the British to grant real reforms.
In a special session of congress held in Delhi in September 1923, a compromise between no-changers and pro-changers was reached. The former would continue with the constructive programme, whereas the latter could contest the upcoming elections. Gandhiji gave his blessings to this arrangement.

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b)      Home Rule Leagues

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c)      Rowlatt Act

Solution: In the year 1919, the British Government passed a new rule called Rowlatt Act, under which the Government had the authority and power to arrest people and keep them in prisons without any trial if they are suspected with the charge of terrorism. The government also earned the power to refrain the newspapers from reporting and printing news. The Act was ill famed as `Black Act` by the people and Indians revolt in protest against the Rowlatt Act.

The positive aspect of reform by British Government was subjected to severe sabotage by the Rowlatt act of 1919.The act was named after the recommendations made in the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Commission. The Rowlatt Commission was appointed to investigate the `seditious conspiracy` of the Indian people. The Law passed empowered the Viceroy Government with extraordinary power to stop all violations by silencing the press, confining political activists without trial and arresting any individual suspected of sedition and treachery and arresting individuals without any warrant. A nationwide protest was raised by calling a Hartal (cessation of work).
Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was extremely agitated by enactment of Rowlatt Act. He was extremely critical about the act and argued that everyone cannot be punished for isolated political crime. The Act resulted in extensive outrage of political leaders as well as the common public and Government adapted more repressive measures to dominate the Native people. Gandhi and other leaders of national Congress found it futile to take the measure of constitutional opposition and thereby called a `hartal` where Indians suspended all the business and fasted to show their hatred for the British legislation. However, the success of the Hartal in Delhi was dominated as the tension raise high and resulted in riot in Punjab and other provinces. Gandhi found that Indians were not ready yet for the protest in the path of `Ahimsa` (non-violence), which was integral part of Satyagraha and the Hartal was suspended.

Swadeshi movement

Swadeshi Movement was a popular strategy for eradicating the British rule and for improving the economic conditions of the country. The concept of Swadeshi as explained by Mahatma Gandhi is employment of unemployed or semi-employed people by encouraging village industries and the in general trial was towards building a non-violent society. Thus, the main policies of the Swadeshi Movement included boycotting all types of British products and the restoration of all domestic products. The popular upsurge of 1905 was unprecedented. But of course it did not emerge from nowhere. Head planners of Swadeshi Movement were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghose and Veer Savarkar. The writings and speeches of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and his associate had done much to prepare the way. Tilak reached out to the masses through popular festivals. He transformed the traditional Ganapati Utsav into a public celebration where patriotic ideas could be spread. Later he inaugurated a Shivaji festival for the same purpose. In 1906 Bengal honoured the great Maratha as a national hero.

There were many other factors behind the growth of `the new spirit in India`. One was a generalized awareness that Britain was the cause of the country`s poverty. Three books published in 1901. The names of the books can be mentioned as Dadabhai Naoroji poverty and un-British rule in India, R. C. Dutt`s economic history of India, and William Digby`s ironically titled `prosperous` British India. All of the three books showed with a mass of detail that how Britain`s policies had destroyed India. India was the country with once flourishing economy. At the same time the true face of European imperialism was being revealed. The belief in the supremacy of the imperial powers` military was being challenged. In the year 1896, Ethiopia defeated an Italia Army. Few years` later Boer guerrillas proved themselves the equals of England`s finest troops. But most exciting of all was the miracle of Japan. After a rapid modernisation begun in 1868, the island country proved itself superior not only to its giant neighbour China but also to Russia. Russia was one of the great European powers at that time. Japan`s victory in the Russo Japanese war in 1905 seemed to mark the end of the domination of Europe over Asia to many Indians.
The day the Partition of Bengal went into effect on 16th of October, 1905. This was observed in Bengal as a day of mourning. No cooking was done, and shops and marketplaces were closed. In Kolkata, thousands walked barefoot in silent processions to a mammoth meeting where the cornerstone of a federation hall, monument to `united Bengal`, was laid. The ceremony of Raksha Bandhan was given a new turn, where the yellow thread that the people tied to one another`s wrists symbolised the brotherhood of each to all.

The Swadeshi movement quickly gathered force in the country. Bonfires of British cloth demonstrated the peoples` determination not to rely on foreign products. The sale of English goods fell dramatically as `Bombay mills` worked overtime to meet the demand for Swadeshi textiles. It became a matter of pride to wear coarse dhotis woven on local handlooms rather than fashionable Manchester cottons. Student volunteers encouraged people to use Indian products. Popular enthusiasm was sustained by songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and others. Vande Mataram by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee became the national anthem. Further, the Swadeshi movement gave tremendous inputs to Indian industries. Beginnings were made in the manufacturer of Swadeshi salt, sugar matches and other products. On a larger scale, the movement gave a stimulus to Prafulla Chandra Roy`s Bengal chemical works. This action encouraged Jamshedji Tata to open his famous steel plant in Bihar. At the same time, Indian labour took its first real steps towards organisation. A series of strikes in Kolkata and other places demonstrated that the workingman was growing weary of exploitation.
Swadeshi Movement was described by Mahatma Gandhi as the soul of self rule in the country.

IGNOU BSHF-101 Solved Assignments 2010

Foundation Course in Humanities and Social Sciences
Course Code : BSHF 101
Assignment code : BSHF 101/Asst- 1/2009-2010
Total Marks : 100

Answer in 250 words. Attempt any four questions.

1. Discuss the nature of the Post-Industrial society. 20
Solution: Industrial society came into existence when the number of factory workers exceeded the number of primary-industry workers. Primary industry is the type of economic activity that deals with the harvesting of raw materials. Included in that category are: farming, fishing, foresting, mining, and so forth.

England was probably the first industrial society, but there is some reason to believe that the phenomenon occurred about the same time in Holland. Post-industrial society exists when more people are employed in the service industry than in secondary industry (manufacturing, etc.) and primary industry (farming, etc.)

The United States was the first post-industrial society. This occurred around 1970. By the last census, slightly more than 7 of every 10 working Americans were occupied in the service industry. Post-industrial society, first of all, depends upon others to supply many of the products of secondary industry. This explains the imbalance in consumer trade. We export technology and intelligence for manufactured goods. Because of the advances made during the period when the U.S. was an industrial society, about two percent of the entire population now produces foor (primary industry) for the rest of the people.

The key social institution in post-industrial society is education. Tertiary industry (which replaces secondary and primary industries as the major employer) includes the various fields of medicine; accounting, banking, and financial services; information development and transfer; communications; engineering research and development; legal services; and other areas that require personnel with AT LEAST college educations.

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2. How will you study the society in India? Explain in your own words. 20
Solution:  As per My (student) point of view I will analyze society of India to be very technical in the field of Information technology and Computers. Let’s first know how and when Computers entered in India.
Computer Society of India was established in the year 1965 is today the largest IT professionals Society in India. The purposes of the Society are scientific and educational directed towards the advancement of the theory and practice of computer science, computer engineering and technology, systems science and engineering, information processing and related arts and sciences. It shall endeavor to:

Promote interchange of information, in these disciplines and sub-disciplines, amongst the specialists and between specialists and the public. Encourage and assist the professionals engaged in these fields to maintain the integrity and competence of the profession and Foster a sense of partnership amongst the professionals, engaged in these fields.

Keeping in mind the interest of the IT professionals & computer users, CSI works towards, making the profession an area of choice amongst all sections of the society. The promotion of Information Technology as a profession is the top priority of CSI today. To fulfill this objective, the CSI regularly organizes conferences, conventions, lectures and gives various awards. And at the same time it also ensures that regular training and skill updating are organised for the IT professionals.

CSI also works towards a global approach, by seeking out alliances with organizations overseas who may be willing to come forward and participate in such activities. CSI also helps governments in formulating IT strategy & planning.

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3. What are the legacies of the National Movement in India? Discuss 20
Solution:  The Indian national movement had a legacy of political and economic protest. This in turn became a legacy for the Independent India. In the latter half of the 19th century, the nationalist leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, M.G. Ranade and R.C. Dutt gave a critique of the colonial exploitation. Initially the Congress was concerned with the problems of the elite like representation of Indians to the senior government services and legislative bodies. But with the appearance of M.K. Gandhi on the political scenario, it took up the cause of the ordinary people - the peasantry and workers. Some concepts and ideas which evolved during the Indian national movement became the legacy for the policy initiatives in the post-independence India. These were mainly Swaraj, political and economic rights, socialism, planning and consensus.

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4. Has India successfully integrated with the global economy? Explain in your own words. 20
Solution: No not yet India has successfully integrated with global economy, despite considerable improvement in policies and performance in recent years, international comparisons suggest that India's progress in global integration has been modest and its level of integration remains low. India is still not attracting a level of attention from foreign investors commensurate ith its size and economic potential nor is its level of engagement in world trade keeping pace with that of the more dynamic developing countries - especially the countries in East Asia that appear the most relevant comparators. This is of concern because the pace and level of integration are found to be empirically associated with economic growth and there are good theoretical reasons to expect integration and growth to be mutually enhancing
Since the balance of payments crisis of early 1991 the Indian authorities have conducted
what has been in many respects a strikingly successful macroeconomic stabilization and
structural reform program. A critical element of this program has been a decisive move
from the inward-oriented economic strategy that prevailed over the first 40 years of
independence towards an outward-oriented one that seeks to emulate the dynamic
experience of the East Asian countries and greatly expand the benefits the Indian
economy draws from interaction with the world economy. '
Potentially the most important way that integration, meaning participation in international
markets for goods, services, capital, and labor, can help enhance economic performance
is by raising productivity through access to new technologies, ideas or products, or
through the bracing effect of competition with world class rivals. Another is by
improving resource allocation and welfare by being able to buy and sell products at world
prices according to comparative advantage. A third is by expanding the availability and
lowering the cost of resources for investment by broader access to foreign savings.
The theoretical links between integration and growth are illustrated by a growing body of
empirical work. The World Bank's "Global Economic Prospects and the Developing
Countries, 1996" presents evidence that developing countries with the most rapid pace of
integration in 1984-93 also experienced a median rate of per capita GDP growth three
percentage points greater than those with the slowest pace, while a study by Sachs and
Warner (1995) indicates that countries with open policy regimes experienced a similar
growth premium over countries with closed regimes.

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Section II
Answer in 250 words. Attempt any four questions.
5. Why is Human Security becoming so important? Explain in your own words. 12
Solution:  Human security is more important than ever before, for the simple reason that various forms of intolerance have gained prominence in human life. We find the following reasons for growing security concerns:

1. Religious terrorism (Islamic, Hindu, Sikh etc.)
2. Ideological terrorism (Communists, Naxalites, Maoists etc.)
3. Racism (Australian racism, which their government has accepted)
4. Competition for world / regional supremacy (the US, EU, Russia, China etc.)
5. Simple ignorance and stupidity (Iraq, Pakistan, North Korea, Iran)
6. Arms race (India, China, Pakistan)
7. Natural calamities like earthquakes where the helpless are looted (Haiti)

Today's it is man's excessive greed and lust that has rendered innocent people's lives in danger. Moreover, only the celebs can get good security. Police, although public servant, do not do their duty fairly well -protecting citizens. I also feel losing of faith and doubting God is another reaosn behind security. Man cannot escape his wrong deeds. He will be punished for every evil deed he has done. But attaching importance to 'human security' is like a mask worn to hide himself... Its a sad state of human existence. All these factors lead to a renewed though on the importance of human security

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6. Have we made any progress on the environmental question after the Rio Summit? Explain. 12
Solution:

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7. Is the institution of family in decline in modern India? Discuss in light of your own observations. 12
Solution:  Yes, at least in all urban areas. So long as we were rural based, the join family system worked fine. With urbanization, increase in communications through TV, mobile etc. nuclear families are the fashion now with children and parents living separately but some times in the same building now. The definition of family is changing with so much urbanisation. Family now does not include parents and siblings. It includes only spouse and children. Notwithstanding this, the old family culture is still retained in deeper rural areas.
Import of culture is spoiling many things in India. Some external forces also want to weaken you. Otherwise we have enough in our culture to keep everyone happy. Both science and philosophy here teach "live and let live". For eg. if you are down with an infection ayurveda says "germs are everywhere. Improve your life power so that germs can't harm you". Whereas others say "kill the germ". Even today in many families bonds are strong. Even our festivals strengthen our bonds both within the family and in the society. Eg. Rakhi, Holi etc. We have values and ethics. The best way we keep the family bonds strong is to love our children and teach them morals, values and ethics. The family background works strong in their life. Behind every success story of today's youth whether at home or abroad the bearing of family background is the root cause. Even today I prefer to tell the population of India in number of families and not in heads

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8. Is governance assuming a meaning different from Government? Explain in your own words. 12
Solution: Governance is the activity of governing. It relates to decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance. It consists either of a separate process or of a specific part of management or leadership processes. Sometimes people set up a government to administer these processes and systems.

In the case of a business or of a non-profit organisation, governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, processes and decision-rights for a given area of responsibility. For example, managing at a corporate level might involve evolving policies on privacy, on internal investment, and on the use of data.nIn terms of distinguishing the term governance from government - "governance" is what a "government" does. It might be a geo-political government (nation-state), a corporate government (business entity), a socio-political government (tribe, family, etc.), or any number of different kinds of government. But governance is the kinetic exercise of management power and policy, while government is the instrument (usually, collective) that does it. The term government is also used more abstractly as a synonym for governance, as in the Canadian motto, "Peace, Order and Good Government".

A basic issue that arises in relation to governance is the proper role of government in economic management. The growing consensus among development specialists in this regard is that, with the limited access of governments to information, markets generally allocate resources more efficiently. In market economies, production and consumption decisions are based essentially on the price mechanism. However, even in such economies, governments are expected to perform certain key functions. These include (i) maintaining macroeconomic stability, (ii) developing infrastructure, (iii) providing public goods, (iv) preventing market failures, and (v) promoting equity

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9. How does regionalism affect the issue of development? Explain. 12
Solution:  Regionalism is a ideological concept in politics, which focuses of the interests of a particular region, or group of regions, by increasing the region's (or regions') influence, and political power by means or measures of devolution, states' rights, decentralization, independence, and separation from sovereignty.
While still connected to some sort of central government, regionalism affects development by: promoting and strengthening self-governing bodies, forming a more effective form of allocation of local resources, which would benefit local populations, raise competition levels and stimulate competition levels amongst the regions, and save the taxpayers (at all levels), money. Regionalism is a ideological concept in politics, which focuses of the interests of a particular region, or group of regions, by increasing the region's (or regions') influence, and political power by means or measures of devolution, states' rights, decentralization, independence, and separation from sovereignty. 
While still connected to some sort of central government, regionalism affects development by: promoting and strengthening self-governing bodies, forming a more effective form of allocation of local resources, which would benefit local populations, raise competition levels and stimulate competition levels amongst the regions, and save the taxpayers (at all levels), money.
Regionalism has been a defender in the Development of India. Today, globalisation and changing international norms concerning humanitarian intervention are turning regionalism from being a bulwark of an intrusive order. New forms of regional identity built around intrusive regionalism could become important stepping stones to a post-Westphalia India order in the 21st century.

Briefly I'm mentioning one example to make one understand my views in this respect. Just think if a factory is established in a particular region and if the people therein do not allow others from other region to take part in the said factory, what could happen. The product of the said factory may not be sold outside the said region and the people of other regions may boycott the said product. Does one think that this way a business could run ? This is why development may not be held in case regionalism is given priority.

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10. Are we witnessing an increase in the 'Digital - Divide'? Discuss in the light of your own observations and assessment. 12

11. Do you see a decrease in the number of conflicts after advent of globalisation? Give your assessment. 12

12. What do you understand by the term marginalized groups? Explain 12

==============================================================================================================================


Section III

13. Write short notes on two of the following:
(i)                 Ajanta Paintings
(ii)                
Ajanta is the great surviving monument of the painting created by the Buddhist faith and fervour in the land which gave birth to that religion. The most beautiful of these paintings are taken from the Jataka stories, the legends of the earthly life of the Buddha in various successive existences. They also illustrate the court life and popular life of the time, as told in the romances and plays.

"The paintings of Ajanta represents the pinnacle of an ancient tradition, even the earliest among them is marked by the refinement of style and technique. These painting exerted powerful influence over other regions artistic production: the beginnings of Buddhist painting in Tibet, Nepal, Central Asia, China, and Japan all can be traced to the inspiration of Ajanta. Indeed, Ajanta is unique in its scope, combining painting, sculpture, and architecture, and illustrating the development of Buddhism over the centuries of the caves' excavation. It is a Buddhist site that thrived in a Brahmanical world and at zenith of its artistic achievement it represented the pervasive classical culture of the Gupta age.

"In the words of the scholar Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, "almost all that belongs to the common spiritual consciousness of Asia, the ambient in which its diversities are reconcilable, is of Indian origin in the Gupta period." The entire importance of Ajanta today lies in this legacy. Propped by the charity of kings and commoners, Buddhist monastic life hummed in an environment of artistic creativity from the second century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.

==============================================================

(iii)             Bharat Natyam

Solution: Bharatnatyam Dance is considered to be over 2000 years old. Several texts beginning with Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra (200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.) provide information on this dance form. The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam Dance. There is also a great deal of visual evidence of this dance form in paintings and stone and metal sculptures of ancient times. On the gopurams of the Chidambaram temple, one can see a series of Bharatnatyam poses, frozen in stone as it were, by the sculptor. In many other temples, the charis and karanas of the dance are represented in sculpture and one can make a study of the dance form
Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles in a single performance. In the early 19th century, the famous Tanjore Quartette, under the patronage of Raja Serfoji are said to have been responsible for the repertoire of Bharatnatyam dance as we see it today.
The style was kept alive by the devadasis, who were young girls 'gifted' by their parents to the temples and who were married to the gods. The devadasis performed music and dance as offerings to the deities, in the temple courtyards. Some of the renowned performers and gurus of the early part of the century belong to the devadasi families, a well-known name is Bala Saraswati.
Assignment
2010-11
                                                                                                Programme Code : BDP

                                                                                                Course Code:  EHI-01

Dear Student,

Now you will have to do one assignment for this elective course. This is a Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA) and it covers the entire course.

Before attempting the assignment, please read the instructions provided in the Programme Guide.

Assignment Nos.
Date of Submission
Where to send
Assignment-1 (TMA)
For July 2010 Session Students
31st March 2011

The Coordinator of your
Study Centre
Assignment-1 (TMA)
For January 2011 Session Students
30th September 2011
The Coordinator of your
Study Centre

Now read the following guidelines carefully before answering the questions:

GUIDELINES FOR WRITING THE ASSIGNMENT

In writing the assignment, please keep the following things in mind: Any Social Science/History writing of any kind involves (a) Planning (b) Selection (c) Presentation and (d) Interpretation.

a)         Planning          :           Think out what you are asked carefully. Go through the units and in case            you want any additional material, try to locate it in the Library.

                                                See whether the question is of (i) 600 words (ii) 300 words or (iii) 100 words. For the first and second it may be necessary to write a description with a comment. For the third YOU have to pick out the necessary facts and arrange them precisely.

b)         Selection         :           This means picking out from your material the matter important for answering your question:

                                                For this:

                                                i)    Take notes of the relevant material.

                                          ii)   Look them over carefully. Delete information not directly relevant to the question.

                                                iii)   Prepare a first draft. This will help you in getting a clear idea of what information you want to put down and what you want to leave out. This will also help in giving your plan a practical shape.

C)        Presentation   :           Prepare now a second draft. This is important for putting down your ideas in a sharp and clear manner. With this you will get an idea as to how you will be able to state what you want to say within the word limits.

                                                Prepare a third or a final draft to check out whether you have put down all you wanted to say. Read to check whether your answer is within the word limits.

D)        Interpretation :           Interpretation is a constant process in history writing. It is already reflected in your planning and selection. Explanatory comments with phrases like may be, because, could be, etc., immediately introduce an element of interpretation in writing itself. Here you have to be careful that these comments can be supported by the material you have in the answer.

Note :  In case you run short of time you should

i)            prepare a rough draft, check that you haven’t left anything out, and           
ii)     go on to write the final draft.

Now we believe you are ready to answer the questions. 

Modern India : 1857-1964
Assignment
TMA
                      Course Code: EHI-01
                                      Assignment Code : EHI-01/AST/TMA/2010-11
                            Total Marks: 100
Note:   All questions are compulsory. Marks for each question are mentioned against it.

Section 1: Answer each question in about 500 words each.

1.  What do you understand by the term ‘de-industrialisation’?  What was its impact on the Indian Economy?                                                                                                               20
OR
What is communalism? Discuss the process of its emergence in Indian society.

2.      Discuss the rise of national consciousness in 19th-century India.                                             20           
OR
Discuss the circumstances leading to the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. What was its impact   on the growth of Indian nationalism?

Section 2: Answer in about 250 words each.

3.   Write a note on the different stages of the Civil Disobedience Movement.                               12           
OR
Why did the Revolt of 1857 fail?  How did it affect the British policy in India?                           

4.   Discuss the factors that led to the partition of India.                                                                12                         
OR
Write a note on the non-Brahman movements in western and southern India.

5.   Write a note on the Non-Cooperation movement.                                                                     12           
OR
Discuss the relationship between Indian National Congress and the Indian capitalist class.          
6.   Discuss the controversies relating to the foundation of the Indian National Congress.               12
OR
      Discuss the various types of land settlements in colonial India.

Section 3: Answer in about 100 words each.

1.      Write short notes on any two of the following:                                                                   6 + 6
i)         The Nehru Report (1928)
ii)        Bharatendu Harishchandra
iii)                 Indian National Army
iv)                 Telengana movement
Assignment
2010-2011
                                                                                                            Programme Code:  BDP

                                                                                                            Course Code:  EHI-02

Dear Student,

As explained in the Programme Guide for BDP, you will have to do 1 Tutor Marked (TMA) assignment for this elective course. 

Before attempting the assignment, please read the instructions provided in the Programme Guide.

Assignment Nos.
Date of Submission
Where to send
Assignment-1 (TMA)
For July 2010 Session Students
31st March 2011

The Coordinator of your
Study Centre
Assignment-1 (TMA)
For January 2011 Session Students
30th September 2011
The Coordinator of your
Study Centre

Now read the following guidelines carefully before answering the questions:


GUIDELINES FOR WRITING THE ASSIGNMENT

In writing the assignment keep the following things in mind: Social Science/History writing of any kind involves (a) Planning (b) Selection (c) Presentation and (d) Interpretation.

a)         Planning          :           Think out what you are asked carefully. Go through the units and in case you want any additional material, try to locate it in the Library.

                                                See whether the question is of (i) 500 words, (ii) 250 words, or (iii) 100 words. For the first and second it may be necessary to write a description with a comment. For the third YOU have to pick out the necessary facts and arrange them precisely.

b)         Selection         :           This means picking out from your material the matter important for answering your question:

                                                For this:

                                                i)    Take notes of the relevant material.

                                          ii)   Look them over carefully. Delete information not directly relevant to the question.

                                                iii)   Prepare a first draft. This will help you in getting a clear idea of what information you want to put down and what you want to leave out. This will also help in giving your plan a practical shape.





C)        Presentation   :           Prepare now a second draft. This is important for putting down your ideas in a sharp and clear manner. With this you will get an idea as to how you will be able to state what you want to say within the word limits.

                                                Prepare a third or a final draft to check out whether you have put down all you wanted to say. Read to check whether your answer is within the word limits.

D)        Interpretation :           Interpretation is a constant process in history writing. It is already reflected in your planning and selection. Explanatory comments with phrases like may be, because, could be, etc., immediately introduce an element of interpretation in writing itself. Here you have to be careful that these comments can be supported by the material you have in the answer.

Note :  In case you run short of time you should

i)            prepare a rough draft, check that you haven’t left anything out, and           
ii)     go on to write the final draft.

Now we believe you are ready to answer the questions.




India: Earliest Times to 8th Century A.D.
Assignment
TMA
Course Code: EHI-02
Assignment Code: EHI-02/AST/TMA/2010-11
Total Marks: 100

Note:   All questions are compulsory. Marks for each question are mentioned against it.

Section 1: Answer each question in about 500 words.

1.      Discuss briefly formation of some major regions in early India.                                                                 
Or
What were the factors responsible for the growth of Buddhism? Mention main teachings of Buddha.      20

2.      Write an essay on Mauryan administration.                                                                                              
Or
      Give a detailed account of the growth of economy under the Guptas.                                                    20  

Section 2: Answer each question in about 250 words.

3.      State briefly pattern of intra-regional contacts among the Harappan towns/villages and other cities and societies of the period.                                                                                                                                          
Or
Discuss chief features of early farming communities in south India. Can the economy of the early farming communities of south India be characterized as agro-pastoral?                                                              12

4.      Give a brief account of the emergence and growth of the Mahajanapadas?                                         12
Or
      Discuss briefly emergence of Sungas, Sakas and Parthians.
                                                                                                                                                                    
5.      What was the nature of agrarian settlements and agrarian society in peninsular India during the 200 B.C.-300 A.D.?                                                                                                                                                  12
Or
      Give a brief account of the emergence of bhakti movement in south India.                                               

6.      Discuss the growth of Tamil language and literature during the Sangam period.                                      12
Or
      Compare features of Mathura and Gandhara art.

Section 3: Answer in about 100 words each.

7.      Write short notes on any two of the following:                                                                                  6 + 6

i)        Palaeolithic Culture
ii)       Vedic literature
iii)     Ajivikas
iv)     Samudragupta