Tuesday, September 27, 2011

EHI-02 Term End Examination December-2011

B.A
Suggestion for Term End Examination December-2011
SAMPLE QUESTION
EHI-02:History of India from earliest times to 8' century AD

Time: 3 hours                                                                                                Maximum Marks : 100
(Weightage : 70%)
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The question paper has three sections. The students have to attempt any two questions from Section I in about 500 words each, any four questions from Section II in about 250 words each and two short notes in about 100 words each from Section III. The marks are mentioned against each question.
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SECTION - I
1. Examine the nature of Harappan religion and religious practices.
2. Discuss the salient features of later Vedic polity and society.or Give a brief account of the nature of early Vedic society.
3. Write an essay on Jainism. 20
4. Describe the characteristics of trade and towns under the Mauryas.
5. Analyse the various theories put forward for decline of Harappan civilization.
6. Explain the emergence and consolidation Mauryan rule. or briefly describe the administrative apparatus of the Mauryan Empire.
7. Discuss the main features of the administrative apparatus of the Gupta state.
8. Discuss the formation and characteristics of regions in Indian history.
9. Analyse the nature of agrarian structure in Peninsular India between 200 B.C. – 300 A.D.
SECTION - II
1. Describe the main features of Northern Black Polished Ware Culture.
2. Discuss the salient features of the Paraolithic culture.
3. Discuss the forms of city life in India in 6th century B.C.
4. Examine the key features of early vedic society and economy.
5. Discuss the economic changes in the Gupta period.
6. Write a note on the early state formation (Tamilaham) in South India.
7. Write a note on Saivism and Vaishnavism. 12
8. Discuss the architecture of the stupas in India. 12
9. Discuss the changes in the social structure in the 6th century B.C. India.
10. Describe various interpretations regarding Ashoka's Policy of Dhamma.
11. What were the chief characteristics o f external and internal trade in the post-Mauryan period ? 1.2
12. Examine the new developments in Brahmanism in the post-Mauryan period. 12
13. Give a brief account of the nature of Satavahana State in the Deccan. 12
14. Discuss the social and economic conditions during the post-Gupta period 12
15. Describe the main features of Gandhara and Mathura school of art. 12
17. Explain the Theories of the decline of Harappan civilization.
18. Write a note on the teachings of Buddha. 12

SECTION - III
13. Write short notes on any two of the following :
(a) Harappan Town-Planning 6
(b) Sources for early Vedic Period 6
(c) Teachings of Mahavira 6
(a) Major Harappan Sites
(b) Sabha and Samiti
(d) Megalithic Culture
(b) Northern Black Polished Ware.
(c) Stupas
(d) Ajivikas.

EHI-01 Term End Examination December-2011

B.A
Suggestion for Term End Examination December-2011
SAMPLE QUESTION

EHI- 01: MODERN INDIA 1857-1964
Time: 3 hours                                                                                                Maximum Marks : 100
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Note: This question paper has three sections. The students have to attempt any two questions in about 500 words each from Section I, any four questions in about 250 words each from section II and any two questions in about 100 words each from section III. The marks are mentioned against each question.
SECTION - I
Answer any two questions in about 500 words each:
1. Why did the congress accept partition? Comment on the congress's handling of the communal problem.
2. What were the differences between the Moderates and the Extremists? How did these affect the Indian National Movement?
3. How did the Indian state make use of planning to promote industrialization after 1947?
4. Comment on the different stages of colonialism in India.
5.. What do you understand by the term 'de-industrialization’? Discuss various viewpoints regarding the process of de-industrialization.
6. Discuss the factors which contributed to the growth of a national consciousness 19th century India.
7. Write a note on the Non-Cooperation Movement.
8. Analyze the nature of Land-reforms after Independence.
9. What were the causes of the Rebellion of 1857?
10. What was the nature and significance of the Home Rule Leagues?
11. Write an essay on the role of Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose in bringing socialist ideas to the congress.
12. How did the state promote secularism in independent India?
SECTION - II
Answer any four questions in about 250 words each:
1. Write a note on the Swadeshi Movement. 12
2. Discuss the impact of the Second World War on the Indian economy.
3. Discuss Periyar's ideas on the Self - Respect Movement.
4. Highlight the main characteristics of the popular movements in India during the second half of the 19th century.
5. Write a note on the Ghadar Movement. 12
6. What was the impact of the Russian Revolution on the National movement in India ?
7. Discuss the main features of the land reforms in post-independence India.
8. What were the main features of the Indian Foreign 12
9. Write a note on the Indian National Army (lNA)'
10. Briefly discuss the contribution of the Swaraj Party to the Indian National Movement.
11. Write a note on the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu.
12. Discuss the main features of Independent India's foreign policy.
13. What do you understand by Socialism? Who were the early socialist thinkers?
14. Write a short note on the Quit India Movement'
15. Discuss the main features of the non - Brahmin movement in Western India.
16. Write an essay on some of the main features of the social reform movement in the 19 th century.
17. How did the people of Bengal react to the partition of Bangal ?
18. What were the main features of the Montagu - Chelmsford reforms?
19. What was the nature of political activities under taken by Bhagat Singh?
20. Write an essay on the growth of the trade union movement in India.
SECTION - III
13. Write short notes on any two of the following in 6+6
(a) Rowlatt Act
(b) Bankim Chandra
(c) The Akali Movement
(d) Non-Brahmin movement in Maharashtra
 (b) Telangana Movement
(c) Drain of Wealth
(d) BharatenduHarishchandra
(a) Simon commission
(b) Government of India Act 1935
(c)Meerut conspiracy case
(d) British Policy on Tibet

Term End Examination December-2011

BSHF-101
Humanities and Social Sciences
B.A/B.COM/BSW
Suggestion for Term End Examination December-2011
SAMPLE QUESTION

Note: Answer any two Questions from DCQ and any four from MCQ. Question No.13 is compulsory.

         Descriptive category questions (DCQ)
        Answer any two of the following questions in about 500 words each. 20X2=40
1. Discuss the characteristics feature of the Harappan Civilization?  Why did it decline?
2. Give a detailed account of the mass movements Launched by Mahatma Gandhi after the First World War.
3. What do you understand by secularism? What are the main problems of promoting secularism in India?
4. Discuss the educational status of Indian women.
5. What do you under-stand by Renaissance? Discuss important changes introduced in philosophy and political theory during Renaissance.
6. Explain the nature of British agrarian policy in India. How did it affect Indian agriculture? 20
7. How far has planning strategy helped in removing poverty and unemployment in India?
8. Discuss the important features of the Indian federal system.
9. Discuss the factors which led to the growth of industrial revolution in England.
10. Give a detailed account of the socio-religious movements in the nineteenth century India.
11. Explain the fundamental Right as given in the Indian constitution.

Middle category Question (M CQ)
        Answer any four of the following questions in around 250 words each. 12X4=48
1. Explain the term, Race, and ‘Racism`. Do they have any scientific basis? Explain.
2. How did the social organization of humans change after they adopted agriculture? Discuss. Describe the impact of commercialization of agriculture of Indian peasantry.
3. Discuss the various steps taken to eradicate rural and urban employment in India.
4. Discuss the major changes made in the land revenue system by the British in India.
5. Give a brief account of the directive principles of state policy.
6. Evaluate the social role of voluntary organization in India.
7. How did the use of iron tools affect the socio-economical of human beings?
8. Discuss the main factors responsible for the growth of river-valley civilizations.
9. Examine critically the concept of Satyagraha evolved by Mahatma Gandhi,
10. What is meant by market failure? Briefly discuss the major weaknesses I free market economy.
11. How have legal measures and government action Helped Indian women?
12. List the activities which have damaged the global ecosystem’s that measures a saved his planet?
13. What is scientific form of knowledge? When and how did it separate from religious form?
14. How has caste influenced electoral politics in India?
15. What is the nature of participation of people in development process in India?  What are the major constraints in the process?

Short category questions (SCQ)
13. Write a short note any two of the following questions in abound 100 words each. 6+6
(a).the magical of knowledge
(b).Drain of wealth of India.
(c). the process of sanskritisation.
(d).women and adverse sex ratio in India.
(e) Urban revolution in Bronze age
(f) Backward Caste Movement
(g) Interface between, traditional and modernity
(h) Concept of scientific temper
(i).Neolithic Revolution.
(j). Mixed Economy.

Sunday, September 25, 2011

MA HISTORY TERM END EXAMINATION DECEMBER-2011

MHI-05:  HISTORY OF INDIAN ECONOMY
Suggestion For Term End Examination December-2011
Sample Question
Note: Answer any five questions in about 500 words each. Attempt at least two questions from each Section
SECTION -I
1. Discuss briefly the relationship between changing seasons and crop patterns in India.
2. Examine the nature of Neolithic and chalcolithic communities in India in the pre-Harappan period.
3. Discuss the form of Brahmdeya grants in the Tamil region from 6th to 9th century AD.
4. Discuss the organization of craft production during the medieval period.
5. Examine the agrarian structure of south India during the medieval period.
6. Account for the historiography of economic history of ancient India.
7. Examine the growth of crafts, industries and trade during the Satavahana period.
8. Discuss various forms of peasant resistance during the medieval period.
9. Give an account of the irrigation techniques used during the Mughal period.
10. Analyze the factors that determined the agrarian environment of Indian subcontinent.
11. Discuss the major economic activities of Harappan cities.
12. Discuss the debates among the historians over the issue of urban decay. In your opinion which argument stands out more convincing and why?
13. How was the craft production organized during the medieval period?
5. Write short notes on any two of the following in about 250 words each: 10+10
(i) Ahar culture
(ii) Khud Kashta peasants
(iii) Indigo production during the Mughal period
(iv) Roman and Local Coins in Tamilakam
(v).Canals during the medieval period
(vi).Revenue forming (ijara)
(vii).Chanth and Sardeshmukhi
(viii).Chiefdoms: Second and first millennium B.C.
SECTION –II
1. Write an essay on the basic tools and precision instruments in medieval period.
2. Describe the key features of communication routes in north India in the medieval period.
3. Give an overview of India’s trading economy in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
4. Discuss the pattern of commercialization of economy in India in the early colonial period.
5. Critically evaluate the Indian response to European technology.
6. Discuss the impact of European interventions on Indian merchants and trade during the eighteenth century.
7. Discuss the impact of early colonial forest policy'
8. Analyze the changes that took place in the Indian small scale industries during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
9. Examine the nature of Indian economic growth under the Five Year Plans. 20
10. Give a historiographical assessment of the Asian trade. Evaluate Van Leur’s hypothesis of ‘peddling trade`.
11. Analyze the chief features of permanent settlement to temporary settlements.
12. Discuss the nature and pattern of tribal economy in the pre-colonial period?
10. Write short notes on any two of the following in about 250 words each: 10+10
(a) Decline of Surat
(b) Bird Heilgers and Co.
(c) Sarraf
(d) Economic Reforms of 1991- 2000
(e).Postal communication during the medieval period.
(f).Paper and printing technology
(g).Chettiar Merchants
(h).Economic reforms of 1990s.

MA HISTORY SAMPLE QUESTION -DECEMBER-2011

Suggestion For Term End Examination December-2011
SAMPLE QUESTION 
Master of Arts (History)
MHI-02: Modern World.
Note: Answer any five questions in about 500 words each. Attempt at least two questions from each section.  All questions carry equal marks.

Section I
1. Write a note on the major ideas of the enlightenment.
Or Write an analytical note on the critique of enlightenment.
2. What was the socialist critique of capitalist economy?
Or Write an essay on commercial capitalism.
3. How do you define nation and nationalism?
Or Define nation. What is the process through which nations have emerged in the world?
Or. Write a note on the nationalism and the emergence of the nation -state.
4. What do you understand by the welfare state? Explain the measures taken by Japanese state toward it citizens.
5. Critically discuss the process of industrialization in British, France and Germany
6. Why is it necessary to study the Renaissance in order to understand the modern world?
7. What are the main features of modern social structure?
8. Define underdevelopment with reference to any one underdeveloped country.
Or what is the meaning of underdevelopment? Substantiate your answer by taking the example of any one country. 
9. What do you understand by the state? Write a note on the major theories of the state.
10. What is Bureaucratization? Why is it such an essential component of modern world?
Section II
1. What is colonialism? Explain the deferent stages of colonialism.
2. How did the nation state develop in 19th century Europe?
3. What led to the Russian Revolution of 1917? What was it legacy?
4. How has modern economic developed affected environment?
5. In what ways are imperialism and colonialism related to each other?
6. Write an essay on the nature of international relations during the post-World War period.
7. What is the legacy of the French Revolution for the modern world?
8. What are the ways in which our environment has been affected by modern economic development?
9. What is decolonization? Write with reference to decolonization in India.
10. Write an essay on the nature of international rivalries in 20th century
11. In what ways has the world been transformed by the technological revolution.
12. What is consumerism? Write a note on the consumer movement as it developed in Europe.
10. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each           10+10
(a).total war.
(b). Non-alignment movement.
(c). Mercantilism.
(d). Print technology and the knowledge development.
 (e).The Welfare State
 (f).Demographic trends in the modern world
(g).. The Romantics.

MA HISTORY SAMPLE QUESTION DECEMBER-2011

Suggestion For December Term End Examination-2011
SAMPLE QUESTION
Master of Arts (History)
MHI-01: Ancient and medieval societies.
Note: Answer any five questions in about 500 words each. Attempt at least two questions from each section.  All questions carry equal marks.
Section I
1. How did the changes in technology during the Stone Age led to the changes in society.
2. Discuss the development of writing and communication skills in Bronze Age Societies.
Or what were the main characteristics of the socio-economic life during the Bronze Age civilizations?
Or Write a note on the social structure of the Bronze Societies.
3. Give a comparative study of the role of position of slave in Greek and Roman societies. Or Write a note on the political structure of the Roman Empire.
4. Trace the development Christianity in the Roman Empire
5.  Discuss the salient features of the Nomadic empires'
Or Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each.
(a) Pattern of Nomadic Migration
(b) Egypt under pharaohs.
6. What are the salient features of Hunting and Gathering societies?
7. Trace the rise of Islam and its impact on society in Arabia.
8. What is Neolithic Revolution? In what ways did it transform the lives of human? Discuss.
9. Critically Examine the Emergence of Democracy in ancient Athens.
10. Discuss the nature of Inka Political Organization?
11. Write a note on Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in China.
Section II
1. What do you understand by Feudalism? Analyze its form and structure.
Or what are the different ways in which Feudalism has been understood and explained by scholars? Describe.
Or Write an essay on the phases of feudalism in medieval Europe.
2. Give an account of main business communities during the medieval world.
3. Give a critical account of the major scientific advances in the medieval Europe. How did they influence the society?
4. Discuss various factors that led to change in demography during the medieval Europe.
Or assess the impact of demographic changes, religious control and state intervention on family in late medieval Europe.
5. What was the nature of craft production in the medieval world?
6. How did the transition from the medieval world to the Modern world take place? Discuss.
7. Discuss the changes in Nature of Family in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.
1. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each 10+10
(a). Harappan Civilization
(b). Assyrian Civilization.
(c). Rule of first four caliphs.
(d). Markets and fairs in medieval Europe.
(e).   Medieval towns
(f). Slavery in ancient world
(g). Trading communities
 (h). Roman State.
(i). Textile Production during Medieval time.
(j). Decline of Feudalism.

Wednesday, September 21, 2011

Write short notes on Swaraj Party,Rowlatt Act and Swadeshi movement.(EHI-01)

Swaraj Party

Solution:Gandhiji was released from jail in 1924. He and his close followers, such as C. Rajagopalachari and Rajendra prasad, occupied themselves with the constructive programme. Such as hand-spinning on the charkha, uplift of the harijans or members of the depressed classed popularization of temperance, and so forth. But not all the congressmen were willing to abandon political action. In 1922 a group had formed around Motilal Nehru and C. R. Das that wished to enter the government`s legislative councils and wreck them front within. They were opposed by the `no-changers` who insisted that the 1920 programme, which called for the boycott of council elections, should not be altered. At the Gaya congress in December 1922, matters came to a head. The `no-changers` prevailed, but early the next year the `pro-changers` formed their own party. This party was at first known as the congress-Khilafat Swaraj party and later simply the swarajya or swaraj party.

Motilal Nehru The new councils were inaugurated in 1921. The non-congress parties which had entered them had not been successful in influencing government policy. And eventually diarchy proved to be a failure. Provincial minister could not act effectively even in `transferred` subjects because the new safeguards made the governors more autocratic even than before. Only the Montford reform showed that the British were still unwilling to grant responsible government.
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru decided that the way to combat this situation was to enter the provincial legislative councils. Central legislative assembly carries out a policy of `uniform, continuous and consistent obstruction, with a view to make government through the assembly and councils impossible would force the British to grant real reforms.
In a special session of congress held in Delhi in September 1923, a compromise between no-changers and pro-changers was reached. The former would continue with the constructive programme, whereas the latter could contest the upcoming elections. Gandhiji gave his blessings to this arrangement.

Rowlatt Act

 In the year 1919, the British Government passed a new rule called Rowlatt Act, under which the Government had the authority and power to arrest people and keep them in prisons without any trial if they are suspected with the charge of terrorism. The government also earned the power to refrain the newspapers from reporting and printing news. The Act was ill famed as `Black Act` by the people and Indians revolt in protest against the Rowlatt Act.

The positive aspect of reform by British Government was subjected to severe sabotage by the Rowlatt act of 1919.The act was named after the recommendations made in the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Commission. The Rowlatt Commission was appointed to investigate the `seditious conspiracy` of the Indian people. The Law passed empowered the Viceroy Government with extraordinary power to stop all violations by silencing the press, confining political activists without trial and arresting any individual suspected of sedition and treachery and arresting individuals without any warrant. A nationwide protest was raised by calling a Hartal (cessation of work).
Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was extremely agitated by enactment of Rowlatt Act. He was extremely critical about the act and argued that everyone cannot be punished for isolated political crime. The Act resulted in extensive outrage of political leaders as well as the common public and Government adapted more repressive measures to dominate the Native people. Gandhi and other leaders of national Congress found it futile to take the measure of constitutional opposition and thereby called a `hartal` where Indians suspended all the business and fasted to show their hatred for the British legislation. However, the success of the Hartal in Delhi was dominated as the tension raise high and resulted in riot in Punjab and other provinces. Gandhi found that Indians were not ready yet for the protest in the path of `Ahimsa` (non-violence), which was integral part of Satyagraha and the Hartal was suspended.

Swadeshi movement

Swadeshi Movement was a popular strategy for eradicating the British rule and for improving the economic conditions of the country. The concept of Swadeshi as explained by Mahatma Gandhi is employment of unemployed or semi-employed people by encouraging village industries and the in general trial was towards building a non-violent society. Thus, the main policies of the Swadeshi Movement included boycotting all types of British products and the restoration of all domestic products. The popular upsurge of 1905 was unprecedented. But of course it did not emerge from nowhere. Head planners of Swadeshi Movement were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghose and Veer Savarkar. The writings and speeches of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and his associate had done much to prepare the way. Tilak reached out to the masses through popular festivals. He transformed the traditional Ganapati Utsav into a public celebration where patriotic ideas could be spread. Later he inaugurated a Shivaji festival for the same purpose. In 1906 Bengal honoured the great Maratha as a national hero.

There were many other factors behind the growth of `the new spirit in India`. One was a generalized awareness that Britain was the cause of the country`s poverty. Three books published in 1901. The names of the books can be mentioned as Dadabhai Naoroji poverty and un-British rule in India, R. C. Dutt`s economic history of India, and William Digby`s ironically titled `prosperous` British India. All of the three books showed with a mass of detail that how Britain`s policies had destroyed India. India was the country with once flourishing economy. At the same time the true face of European imperialism was being revealed. The belief in the supremacy of the imperial powers` military was being challenged. In the year 1896, Ethiopia defeated an Italia Army. Few years` later Boer guerrillas proved themselves the equals of England`s finest troops. But most exciting of all was the miracle of Japan. After a rapid modernisation begun in 1868, the island country proved itself superior not only to its giant neighbour China but also to Russia. Russia was one of the great European powers at that time. Japan`s victory in the Russo Japanese war in 1905 seemed to mark the end of the domination of Europe over Asia to many Indians.
The day the Partition of Bengal went into effect on 16th of October, 1905. This was observed in Bengal as a day of mourning. No cooking was done, and shops and marketplaces were closed. In Kolkata, thousands walked barefoot in silent processions to a mammoth meeting where the cornerstone of a federation hall, monument to `united Bengal`, was laid. The ceremony of Raksha Bandhan was given a new turn, where the yellow thread that the people tied to one another`s wrists symbolised the brotherhood of each to all.

The Swadeshi movement quickly gathered force in the country. Bonfires of British cloth demonstrated the peoples` determination not to rely on foreign products. The sale of English goods fell dramatically as `Bombay mills` worked overtime to meet the demand for Swadeshi textiles. It became a matter of pride to wear coarse dhotis woven on local handlooms rather than fashionable Manchester cottons. Student volunteers encouraged people to use Indian products. Popular enthusiasm was sustained by songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and others. Vande Mataram by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee became the national anthem. Further, the Swadeshi movement gave tremendous inputs to Indian industries. Beginnings were made in the manufacturer of Swadeshi salt, sugar matches and other products. On a larger scale, the movement gave a stimulus to Prafulla Chandra Roy`s Bengal chemical works. This action encouraged Jamshedji Tata to open his famous steel plant in Bihar. At the same time, Indian labour took its first real steps towards organisation. A series of strikes in Kolkata and other places demonstrated that the workingman was growing weary of exploitation.
Swadeshi Movement was described by Mahatma Gandhi as the soul of self rule in the country.

What is communalism? Discuss the process of its emergence in Indian society.(EHI-01)

Communism," for its part, once referred to a cooperative society that would be based morally on mutual respect and on an economy in which each contributed to the social labor fund according to his or her ability and received the means of life according to his or her needs. Today, "communism" is associated with the Stalinist gulag and wholly rejected as totalitarian. Its cousin, "socialism" -- which once denoted a politically free society based on various forms of collectivism and equitable material returns for labor -- is currently interchangeable with a somewhat humanistic bourgeois liberalism.
During the 1980s and 1990s, as the entire social and political spectrum has shifted ideologically to the right, "anarchism" itself has not been immune to redefinition. In the Anglo-American sphere, anarchism is being divested of its social ideal by an emphasis on personal autonomy, an emphasis that is draining it of its historic vitality. A Stirnerite individualism -- marked by an advocacy of lifestyle changes, the cultivation of behavioral idiosyncrasies and even an embrace of outright mysticism -- has become increasingly prominent. This personalistic "lifestyle anarchism" is steadily eroding the socialistic core of anarchist concepts of freedom.
Let me stress that in the British and American social tradition, autonomy and freedom are not equivalent terms. By insisting the need to eliminate personal domination, autonomy focuses on the individual as the formative component and locus of society. By contrast, freedom, despite its looser usages, denotes the absence of domination in society, of which the individual is part. This contrast becomes very important when individualist anarchists equate collectivism as such with the tyranny of the community over its members
Today, if an anarchist theorist like L. Susan Brown can assert that "a group is a collection of individuals, no more and no less," rooting anarchism in the abstract individual, we have reason to be concerned. Not that this view is entirely new to anarchism; various anarchist historians have described it as implicit in the libertarian outlook. Thus the individual appears ab novo, endowed with natural rights and bereft of roots in society or historical development.1
But whence does this "autonomous" individual derive? What is the basis for its "natural rights," beyond a priori premises and hazy intuitions? What role does historical development play in its formation? What social premises give birth to it, sustain it, indeed nourish it? How can a "collection of individuals" institutionalize itself such as to give rise to something more than an autonomy that consists merely in refusing to impair the "liberties" of others -- or "negative liberty," as Isaiah Berlin called it in contradistinction to "positive liberty," which is substantive freedom, in our case constructed along socialistic lines?
In the history of ideas, "autonomy," referring to strictly personal "self-rule," found its ancient apogee in the imperial Roman cult of libertas. During the rule of the Julian-Claudian Caesars, the Roman citizen enjoyed a great deal of autonomy to indulge his own desires -- and lusts -- without reproval from any authority, provided that he did not interfere with the business and the needs of the state. In the more theoretically developed liberal tradition of John Locke and John Stuart Mill, autonomy acquired a more expansive sense that was opposed ideologically to excessive state authority. During the nineteenth century, if there was any single subject that gained the interest of classical liberals, it was political economy, which they often conceived not only as the study of goods and services, but also as a system of morality. Indeed, liberal thought generally reduced the social to the economic. Excessive state authority was opposed in favor of a presumed economic autonomy. Ironically, liberals often invoked the word freedom, in the sense of "autonomy," as they do to the present day.2
Despite their assertions of autonomy and distrust of state authority, however, these classical liberal thinkers did not in the last instance hold to the notion that the individual is completely free from lawful guidance. Indeed, their interpretation of autonomy actually presupposed quite definite arrangements beyond the individual -- notably, the laws of the marketplace. Individual autonomy to the contrary, these laws constitute a social organizing system in which all "collections of individuals" are held under the sway of the famous "invisible hand" of competition. Paradoxically, the laws of the marketplace override the exercise of "free will" by the same sovereign individuals who otherwise constitute the "collection of individuals."
No rationally formed society can exist without institutions and if a society as a "collection of individuals, no more and no less" were ever to emerge, it would simply dissolve. Such a dissolution, to be sure, would never happen in reality. The liberals, nonetheless, can cling to the notion of a "free market" and "free competition" guided by the "inexorable laws" of political economy.
Alternatively, freedom, a word that shares etymological roots with the German Freiheit (for which there is no equivalent in Romance languages), takes its point of departure not from the individual but from the community or, more broadly, from society. In the last century and early in the present one, as the great socialist theorists further sophisticated ideas of freedom, the individual and his or her development were consciously intertwined with social evolution -- specifically, the institutions that distinguish society from mere animal aggregations.
What made their focus uniquely ethical was the fact that as social revolutionaries they asked the key question -- What constitutes a rational society? -- a question that abolishes the centrality of economics in a free society. Where liberal thought generally reduced the social to the economic, various socialisms (apart from Marxism), among which Kropotkin denoted anarchism the "left wing," dissolved the economic into the social.3
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as Enlightenment thought and its derivatives brought the idea of the mutability of institutions to the foreground of social thought, the individual, too, came to be seen as mutable. To the socialistic thinkers of the period, a "collection" was a totally alien way of denoting society; they properly considered individual freedom to be congruent with social freedom and, very significantly, they defined freedom as such as an evolving, as well as a unifying, concept.
In short, both society and the individual were historicized in the best sense of this term: as an ever-developing, self-generative and creative process in which each existed within and through the other. Hopefully, this historicization would be accompanied by ever-expanding new rights and duties. The slogan of the First International, in fact, was the demand, "No rights without duties, no duties without rights" -- a demand that later appeared on the mastheads of anarchosyndicalist periodicals in Spain and elsewhere well into the present century.
Thus, for classical socialist thinkers, to conceive of the individual without society was as meaningless as to conceive of society without individuals. They sought to realize both in rational institutional frameworks that fostered the greatest degree of free expression in every aspect of social life.

Write a note on the Khilafat movement.(EHI-01)

Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant Islamic movement in India during the British rule. This was an attempt by the Indian Muslim community to unite together in support of the Turkish Empire ruled by the Khalifa, which was attacked by European powers. The Muslims considered the Khalifa as the custodian of Islam. They simply could not digest his dethronement. Under the leadership of prominent Muslim leaders, notable one being Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, they launched the Khilafat Movement in most parts of North India.
The Khilafat Movement, aimed against the British government, received the support of Mahatma Gandhi, who related his Non Cooperation Movement with it. The main objective behind this move was to enlist the support of the Muslim community into his movement, which addressed the issue of ‘Swaraj’ (Self-Government). By mid-1920 the Khilafat leaders assured full support to the non-violent methods of Gandhi, which facilitated the establishment of a united front of Hindus and Muslims against the British government. This combined force formed a major threat to the British rule.
The Khilafat Movement however did not last long. Owing to some violent incidents in the country which resulted in the deaths of many Indian and British people, Mahatma Gandhi called off his Non Cooperation Movement. This was a major jolt to the Khilafat Movement. The movement received its final blow in March 1924, when the original Khilafat movement in Turkey was abolished following the Islamic country’s conversion from a Sultanate empire to a Republic.
4.  Write a note on the Indian National Army (INA)                                                       
Solution: The Indian National Army, I.N.A or Azad Hind Fauj was the army of Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (The Provisional Government of Free India). It was an armed force which was formed during World War II by Indian nationalists and prisoners of war. It progressed with the aim to overthrow the British Raj and win independence. The INA was initially formed under Mohan Singh, the captain in the 1/14th Punjab Regiment in the British Army. However, the first INA under Mohan Singh collapsed and finally it was revived under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose. Indian National Army emerged along with Mahatma Gandhi`s peaceful resistance movement within India. In contrast to Mahatma Gandhi, Bose advocated a more aggressive confrontation with the British authorities.
The concept of an armed force fighting to overthrow the British Raj in colonial India with Japanese assistance originated within the Indian independence movement. INA was formed during the first world war when the Ghadar Party and the nascent rudiment of the Indian Independence League planned to rebel in the British Indian Army from the Punjab through Bengal to Hong Kong. But this plan ultimately failed after the information was leaked to British Intelligence. During the Second World War, the plan to fight the British found revival and number of leaders and movements were initiated. These included "liberation armies" formed in and with the help of Italy, Germany as well as in South-east Asia. Thus in South East Asia the concept of the Indian National Army emerged. It was supported by the Japanese 15th army and led by Subhash Chandra Bose.
Indian National Army had many valued freedom fighters, who helped in the battles. They all had a brilliant background and fought for a similar cause, freedom of India. The INA freedom fighters were from every sphere ranging from barristers to plantation workers.. The revival of the Indian National Army was done by Subhas Chandra Bose. In 1943 he reached Singapore and assumed leadership of INA. Thus with his motivation and determination INA doubled in strength and local civilians joined. Most of the people who joined had no prior military experience and thus to ensure a well-trained army, Bose established an Officers Training School for INA officers and the Azad School for the civilian volunteers Many youth were also sent to Imperial Military Academy in Japan for advanced training. Every soldier were required to spend about six to eight hours of training daily. The training included physical training, army drill and handling arms such as rifles, pistols, hand grenades and bayonets. The soldiers also attended lectures of Indian and world history and military subjects like map reading as well as signaling.
5.  Write a note on the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.                                                      
Solution: The concept of Swadeshi as explained by Gandhi, is employment of unemployed or semi-employed people by encouraging village industries and the in general trial was towards building a non-violent society. Strategies of the swadeshi movement therefore involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic products and production. The popular upsurge of 1905 was unprecedented. But of course it did not emerge from nowhere. The writings and speeches of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and his associate had done much to prepare the way. Tilak reached out to the masses through popular festivals. He transformed the traditional Ganapati Utsav into a public celebration where patriotic ideas could be spread. Later he inaugurated a Shivaji festival for the same purpose. In 1906 Bengal honored the great Maratha as a national hero.
The swadeshi movement quickly gathered force. Bonfires of British cloth demonstrated the peoples` determination not to rely on foreign products. The sale of English goods fell dramatically as Bombay mills worked overtime to meet the demand for swadeshi textiles. It became a matter of pride to wear coarse dhotis woven on local handlooms rather than fashionable Manchester cottons. Student volunteers encouraged people to use Indian products. Popular enthusiasm was sustained by songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and others. Bankim chandra chatterjee`s `vande mataram` became a national anthem, and opening words a sort of battle cry.
The swadeshi movement gave tremendous inputs to Indian industry. Beginnings were made in the manufacturer of swadeshi salt, sugar matches and other products. On a larger scale, the movement gave a stimulus to Prafullachandra Rays`s bengal chemical works. This action encouraged Jamshedji Tata of Bombay to open his famous steel plant in Bihar. At the same time, Indian labor took its first real steps towards organization. A series of strikes in Calcutta and other places demonstrated that the workingman was growing weary of exploitation

Write a note on the different stages of the Civil Disobedience Movement. (EHI-01)


The Civil Disobedience Movement led by M K Gandhi, in the year 1930 was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism. There are three distinct phases that mark the development of Indian Nationalism. In the first phase, the ideology of the moderates dominated the political scenario. This was followed by the prominence of the extremist ideologies. In the third phase of Indian Nationalism the most significant incident was the rise of MK Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, to power as the leader of Indian National Movements. Under his spirited guidance, the National Movements of the country took shape.
The Indians learnt how apparently philosophical tenets like non violence and passive resistance, could be used to wage political battles. The programs and policies adopted in the movements spearheaded by Gandhi reflected his political ideologies of ahimsa and satyagraha. While the Non-Co-Operation Movement was built on the lines of non violent non co operation, the essence of The Civil Disobedience Movement was defying of the British laws. Through his leadership to the National Movements, he not only buttressed his political stance but also played a crucial role in unification of the country, awakening of the masses, and bringing politics within the arena of the common man.
Factors Leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement
The prevalent political and social circumstances played a vital role in the launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Simon Commission was formed by the British Government that included solely the members of the British Parliament, in November 1927, to draft and formalize a constitution for India. The chairmanship of the commission rested with Sir John Simon, who was a well known lawyer and an English statesman. Accused of being an 'All-White Commission', the Simon Commission was rejected by all political and social segments of the country. In Bengal, the opposition to the Simon Commission assumed a massive scale, with a hartal being observed in all corners of the province on February 3rd, 1928. On the occasion of Simon's arrival in the city, demonstrations were conducted in Calcutta. In the wake of the boycott of the recommendations proposed by Simon Commission, an All-Party Conference was organized in Bombay in May of 1928. Dr MA Ansari was the president of the conference. Motilal Nehru was given the responsibility to preside over the drafting committee, appointed at the conference to prepare a constitution for India.
Barring the Indian Muslims, The Nehru Report was endorsed by all segments of the Indian society. The Indian National Congress pressurized the British government to accept all the parts the Nehru Report, in December 1928. At the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress held in December, 1928, the British government was warned that if India was not granted the status of a dominion, a Civil Disobedience Movement would be initiated in the entire country. Lord Irwin, the Governor General, after a few months, declared that the final objective of the constitutional reforms was to grant the status of a dominion to India. Following this declaration, Gandhi along with other national leaders requested the Governor General to adopt a more liberal attitude in solving the constitutional crisis. A demand was made for the release of the political prisoners and for holding the suggested Round Table Conference for reflecting on the problems regarding the constitution of the country.
None of the efforts made by the Congress received any favorable response from the British government. The patience of the Indian masses were wearing out. The political intelligentsia of the country was sure that the technique of persuasion would not be effective with the British government. The Congress had no other recourse but to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. In Bardoli, the peasants had already taken to satyagraha under the guidance of Sardar Patel in the year 1928. Their non tax agitations were partially successful. The Congress took the decision to use the non violent weapon of satyagraha on a nation wide scale against the government.
The Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement
MK Gandhi was urged by the Congress to render his much needed leadership to the Civil Disobedience Movement. On the historic day of 12th March 1930, Gandhi inaugurated The Civil Disobedience Movement by conducting the historic Dandi Salt March, where he broke the Salt Laws imposed by the British Government. Followed by an entourage of seventy nine ashramites, Gandhi embarked on his march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi that is located on the shores of the Arabian Sea. On 6th April 1930, Gandhi with the accompaniment of seventy nine satyagrahis, violated the Salt Law by picking up a fistful of salt lying on the sea shore. They manually made salt on the shores of Dandi.
Dandi Salt March had an immense impact on the entire nation. Each and every corner of the country was gripped in a unique fervor of nationalism. Soon this act of violation of the Salt Laws assumed an all India character. The entire nation amalgamated under the call of a single man, Mahatma Gandhi. There were reports of satyagrahas and instances of law violation from Bombay, Central and United Provinces, Bengal and Gujarat. The program of the Civil Disobedience Movement incorporated besides the breaking of the Salt Laws, picketing of shops selling foreign goods and liquor, bonfire of cloth, refusal to pay taxes and avoidance of offices by the public officers and schools by the students. Even the women joined forces against the British. Those from orthodox families did not hesitate to respond to the call of the Mahatma. They took active part in the picketing exercises. Perturbed by the growing popularity of the movement, the British government imprisoned Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, in a bid to thwart it. Thus, the second struggle for attaining Swaraj launched by the Congress, under the able guidance of Mahatma, served the critical function of mobilizing the masses on a large scale against the British.
In the March of 1930, Gandhi met with the Viceroy, Lord Irwin and signed an agreement known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. The two main clauses of the pact entailed; Congress participation in the Round Table Conference and cessation of The Civil Disobedience Movement. The Government of India released all satyagrahis from prison.
Renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement
Gandhi attended The Second Round Table Conference in London accompanied by Smt. Sarojini Naidu. At this Conference, it was claimed by Mahatma Gandhi that the Congress represented more than eighty five percent of the Indian population. Gandhi's claim was not endorsed by the British and also the Muslim representative. The Second Round Table Conference proved to be futile for the Indians and Gandhi returned to the country without any positive result. The political scene in India thereafter assumed an acute dimension. The Viceroy, Lord Willingdon, in the absence of Gandhi, adopted the policy of repression. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was violated and the Viceroy took to the suppression of the Congress. The Conservative party, which was in power in England, complied with the decision to assume a repressive stance against the Congress and the Indians. The Congress was held responsible by the government to have instigated the 'Red Shirts' to participate in The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar and provoking the cultivators of U.P to refuse to pay land revenue. Adding to this was the serious economic crisis that took hold of the country. Under such circumstances, the resumption of The Civil Disobedience Movement was inevitable.
The Congress Working Committee took the decision to restart The Civil Disobedience Movement, as the British government was not prepared to relent. Gandhi resumed the movement in January 1932 and appealed to the entire nation to join in. The Viceroy was also informed of the stance assumed by the Congress. Four ordinances were promulgated by the government to deal with the situation. The police was given the power to arrest any person, even on the basis of mere suspicion. Sardar Patel, the President of Congress and Gandhi were arrested, along with other Congressmen. The second phase of The Civil Disobedience Movement lacked the organization that marked its first phase. Nonetheless the entire nation put up a tough fight and the movement continued for six months. Gandhi commenced his twenty one days of fast on May 8th, 1933, to make amends for the sins committed against the untouchables by the caste Hindus. The Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended, when Mahatma Gandi withdrew mass satyagraha on July 14th 1933. The movement ceased completely on April 7th 1934.
Although The Civil Disobedience Movement failed to achieve any positive outcome, it was an important juncture in the history of Indian independence. The leadership of Mahatma Gandhi had a beneficial impact. The warring factions within the Congress united under the aegis of The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi. Satyagraha was put on a firm footing through its large scale usage in the movement. Last but not the least India rediscovered its inherent strength and confidence to crusade against the British for its freedom.