Bureaucratisation in the context of the modern world.

Medieval Europe experienced centralization of power in the heads of the king it was quite different from the professional attitude and proficiency which modern bureaucracy displays. Royal absolutism monopolised power in its own favour and appointment in important posts were being made purely on the basis of king’s appraisal. The feudal lords were appointed for their loyalty and efficiency was not a mother of prime importance. The transformation took place in the nineteenth century in Europe. All challenges from feudal nobilities and local estates had been overcome. The modern state could accumulate apparently unlimited resources by means of industrialization. The main challenges before the state was to harness and exploit these vast resources, besides there were newer sources, both material and human. The state began to take direct interest in different fields like industry, education health etc. To mobilise and use the resources efficiency new institutions and professions were required. The emergence of professional bureaucracies takes place against this background. The direct activities of the state vastly expanded. Starting with Britain from the 1830s, but all these were accompanied by a comparable campaign against corruption which is a direct result of bureaucracy. Professionals were being appointed especially through the competitive examination. In stages from 1870, entry into the civil service was to take place through competitive examinations. The professionals took changes everywhere and education itself became a form of investment. This process was slower in France. The France had a reputation for absolutist states, royal bureaucracies and Napoleonic efficiency. High levels of proficiency and bureaucracy were attained in Paris, but the provinces remained in the hads of local interests to a degree greater than Germany or Berlin. In Russia extraordinary concentration of power at the top tends to make it an under governed country. In the second half of the 19^th century political parties also changed into bureaucratic structures. In the 1860s they transformed themselves into large mass organizations. In Britain, the party used to be a loose association of groups engaged in regional or local polities. From about 1867 the loose polities of local parties changed as the parties began to be more organized and centralized. Both liberal and conservative party, benefit societies, each of them organized their own constituency associations. These associations were centralized. The central unit were empowered to exercise full control over the local units. The German party system developed in compatible manner. In 1875 SPD or the social democratic party was formed. Indeed the German civil service became something of a model across the ideological spectrum, the contrast to some extent in the France and the Mediterranean states, France being predominantly occupied with weaker organizational structures. Than the German or the British counterparts. The reason is mainly because of the size of the parties. After the Second World War the communist party became an excellent bureaucracy in typically Stalinist fashion. The fascist bureaucracies formally submitted to the principle of leadership. But this leadership is not a single leadership but a virtual leadership. The bureaucratization of political parties means democratization of the bureaucracy. A political party in this context is conceived as an agent of democracy. In the matter of single party system the bureaucracies are of two types the party and the state.

The democratic institutions of modern times which embody the hopes of the exploited are the trade unions. The trade unions are the organizations which undergoes a new wave of industrialization, new technologies, and above all new structures of management. The emergence of professional management was conceived in the act of professional workers who are not only skilled but also trained on the job. They could frame plans for action, committee work and negotiation eventually they began to play an important role in politics both at national and regional. Unions supported particular political parties. They have to work in union with each other at the bureaucratic level, for the purposes of national representation. Unions built up national organizations to represent them, for ex trade union congress (TUC) in Britain, the confederation general du travail (CGT) in France.